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A Perspective on Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

A Perspective on Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Exxon Valdez oil spill
Three days after Exxon Valdez ran aground
Location	Prince William Sound, Alaska
Coordinates	60.8408°N 146.8625°WCoordinates: 60.8408°N 146.8625°W
Date	March 24, 1989; 27 years ago
Cause
Cause	Grounding of the Exxon Valdez oil tanker
Operator	Exxon Shipping Company
Spill characteristics
Volume	260,000–750,000 bbl (41,000–119,000 m3)
Area	11,000 sq mi (28,000 km2)
Shoreline impacted	1,300 mi (2,100 km)

Background: An oil tanker from Exxon which named Exxon Valdez underwent oil spill crisis on Friday, March 24, 1989.

Location: After the oil tanker hit reef, it leaked massive crude oil in Prince William Sound. Prince William Sound was abundance of sea life. As a result, the crude oil spill not only polluted the environment around Alaska, it also had a negative impact on sea life in Sound. Besides that, people had a fear to travel to Alaska.

Situation Analysis: The strength for Exxon to handle the crisis was that Exxon was such a big company that it could afford the loss and compassion for the oil spill. Don Cornet clearly realized and analyzed the situation and looked ahead to a long-term future. The weakness was Exxon did not have a public relation manager in the company before the oil spill happened. It would make Exxon hard to early find the prodromes and shortly prevent the crisis. The opportunity for the company to cope with the crisis was Exxon had already set up animal rescue centers on Veldez. It was easy for Exxon to save the sea life. The threat for the company to handle the crisis was that the corporate culture was not good. On one hand, the CEO—Lawrence G. Rawl did not like publicity and the media. It hindered the communication between Exxon and the public. On the other hand, the employees thought the company cut the crews and made employees worked too long. This would made the public reconsidered about Exxon and damaged the image of Exxon. According to official reports, the ship was carrying approximately 54 million US gallons (200,000 m³) of oil, of which about 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m³) were spilled into the Prince William Sound. Multiple factors have been identified as contributing to the incident:

Beginning three days after the vessel grounded, a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil on to the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain.^[12] In this photograph, pooled black oil is shown stranded in the rocks

Strategies: After the crisis happened, different departments in the Exxon had done lots of measures to handle the crisis. They were:

1.       The immediate strategy was to clean the crude oil up as quickly as possible and recover normalcy to Alaska.

2.       Iarossi fired the captain of Exxon Veldez—Hazelwood.

3.      Cornet set up a media center in Valdez for reporters and photographers.

4.      Don Cornet reported the situation to the head of public affairs and swiftly arrived at the Alaska.

5.       Iarossi held a press conference.

6.      CEO Rawl refused to go to the site and thought “technologically obsolete.”

7.      Cornet asked Mason to handle the bad effect on the tourism industry and sea animals.

8.       Manson referred a public relations agency in Anchorage to help cope with bad impact on the seafood industry in Alaska.

9.      The media tours and guidelines were planed to the Exxon animal rescue centers.

10.   News conferences were held to convince public that Alaska’s tourism industry was not affected by the spill.

11.  Exxon funded an advertising campaign to encourage Alaska’s tourism.

Effects of the disaster:

Wildlife was severely affected by the oil spill.

Both the long-term and short-term effects of the oil spill have been studied.  Immediate effects included the deaths of 100,000 to as many as 250,000 seabirds. In 2003, fifteen years after the spill, a team from the University of North Carolina found that the remaining oil was lasting far longer than anticipated, which in turn had resulted in more long-term loss of many species than had been expected. In 2006, a study done by the National Marine Fisheries Service in Juneau found that about 6 miles (9.7 km) of shoreline around Prince William Sound was still affected by the spill, with 101.6 tonnes of oil remaining in the area.  As of 2010 there were an estimated 23,000 US gallons (87 m³) of Valdez crude oil still in Alaska's sand and soil, breaking down at a rate estimated at less than 4% per year. On March 24, 2014, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the spill, NOAA scientists reported that some species seem to have recovered, with the sea otter the latest creature to return to pre-spill numbers. Scientists who have monitored the spill area for the last 25 years report that concern remains for one of two pods of local orca whales, with fears that one pod may eventually die out.

After the crisis struck, the different strategies in the company received different responds from the public. They were:

1.      When Irsossi blamed Captain Hazelwood and Third Mate Cousins, some Exxon employees thought that the corporate also had its own problems. The over fatigue to work for the company was responsible for the accident.

2.      When CEO Rawl did not care about the crisis, the media, the fishermen, the environmentalists, and the public were angry.

3.      Customers canceled their Exxon credit cards.

4.      When Alaska Governor Cooper attended to the news conferences and mentioned the beautiful Alaska, people believed him and release the fear to travel to Alaska

Findings: When the oil spill happened, Don Cornet showed regret to publics. Iarossi fired Captain Hazelwood for his fault. Third Mate Cousins was blamed by publics. It well explained Apologia Theory, especially redefinition. Exxon never committed the company’s guilty. It seemed that the fault came from Hazelwood. If Hazelwood kept his post, the oil spill would not have happened. Exxon communicated to its public that it did not “intend” to commit the misdeed. However, the textbook also referred that employees complained about working too long and leading to human fatigue. I think there are really some problems on their corporate culture. A company who has a strong corporate culture would consider every employee to be their members. If Exxon thinks like this, it will commit their fault without casting the most responsibility to Captain Hazelwood. Besides that, Exxon should apologize for the public, not only showing their regret. The image restoration theory is also applied in this case. For example, when Exxon considered the negative impact on Alaska’s tourism, they held news conferences and advertising campaign to restore its image. I think it is a correct method to handle this part of the crisis. Cornet set up a media center for reporters and photographers in Valdez. Exxon invited Alaska Governor Cooper to be their external public speaker to attend the news conferences, the public trusted his speech. These two strategies shows that Exxon tends to form alliances with media and external groups to make them feel like they are the part of the company. Besides that, I appreciate that Exxon opened the animal rescue center for the media and community. Exxon realized that they should not only do what is right. It also must tell its public that it is taking appropriate action. From this case, I think that oil companies should think about the oil spill crisis. Moreover, they also have to consider something that seems impossibly happen. A crisis a company determines to be impossible only because it has never happened before can happen tomorrow. Therefore, a company has to make a crisis communication plan. When facing a similar crisis, I will recommend that CEO in the company to be the speaker. He is the most credibility with publics and the media. He should realize the importance of public relations. Once the crisis strikes, the speaker has to report the fact of crisis and take measures to hand the crisis during the “golden hours”.

·         http://schoolworkhelper.net/exxon-valdez-oil-spill-overview-summary/.

·        
Thomas, Pierre; Weiser, Benjamin (13 April 1996). "Reputed 'Manifesto' Recovered". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved 28 January 2011.

·         Betrayal and Courage in the Wake of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill by Riki Ott (2008). Published by Chelsea Green Publishing. 352p.

·         The Spill: Personal Stories from the Exxon Valdez Disaster by Stan Jones and Sharon Bushell (2009). Published by Epicenter Press. 288p.

Oil and Chemical Spills/Significant Incidents/Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Oil and Chemical Spills/Significant Incidents/Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

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கரும்புள்ளி மறைய இந்த எளிய குறிப்புகளை ட்ரை பண்ணியிருக்கீங்களா?

கரும்புள்ளி மறைய இந்த எளிய குறிப்புகளை ட்ரை பண்ணியிருக்கீங்களா?

கரும்புள்ளியை மறையச் செய்ய இந்த எளிய குறிப்புகளை முயற்சித்துப் பாருங்கள். இவை உடனேயே பலன் தரக் கூடியவை. பக்க விளைவுகளை தராதவை.

கரும்புள்ளி சருமத்தின் அழகை பாழ்படுத்தும். கிருமிகள் , இறந்த செல்கள் மற்றும் அழுக்குகள் தங்கி கரும்புள்ளிகளாக வெளிப்படும். இந்த கரும்புள்ளிகளை எளிதால அகற்றி விடலாம். சருமத்தை சுத்தப்படுத்துவதே எளிய வழி.

சோப்பை போட்டு தேய்ப்பதால் வறட்சி அதிகமாகுமே தவிர, ஆழமான சென்று இந்த கரும்புள்ளியை அகற்றாது. சருமத்தை சுத்தப்படுத்தி கரும்புள்ளியை அக்ற்ற எளிதான வழிகள் இங்கே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. அவை எளிதில் பயன் தரும்.

15 நிமிட உருளை மசாஜ் :

உருளைக்கிழங்கை நறுக்கி அதனை முகத்தில் 15 நிமிடம் தேய்த்த பின்னர் காயவைத்து, குளிர்ந்த நீரில் கழுவிடவேண்டும். இதனால் கரும்புள்ளிகள் படிப்படியாக நீங்கிவிடும்.

  

வெந்தய கீரை :

வெந்தயக் கீரையை நன்கு அரைத்து பேஸ்ட்செய்து கொள்ளவேண்டும். பின் அதனை முகத்தில் தடவி, சிறிதுநேரம் காயவைத்து, பிறகு கழுவவேண்டும். இதனை தொடர்ந்து செய்து வந்தால், விரைவில் முகத்தில் இருக்கும் கரும்புள்ளிகள் நீங்கி விடும்.

  

கொத்துமல்லி மற்றும் மஞ்சள்

கொத்தமல்லியுடன் சிறிது மஞ்சள் தூள் சேர்த்து அரைத்து பேஸ்ட்செய்து முகத்தில் தடவி காயவைத்து கழுவ வந்தால் கரும்புள்ளிகள் மறையும். இதை வாரம் இரு முறை செய்யலாம்.

  

தயிருடன் எலுமிச்சை :

இரண்டு டேபிள் ஸ்பூன் தயிரை, ஒரு டேபிள் ஸ்பூன் எலுமிச்சை சாற்றுடன் கலந்து, தடவி வந்தால், கரும்புள்ளிகள் சீக்கிரம்போய் விடும்.

  

சர்க்கரை மற்றும் எலுமிச்சை :

எலுமிச்சை சாற்றுடன், சர்க்கரையை சேர்த்து கலந்து, முகத்தில் தடவி சிறிது நேரம் மசாஜ் செய்ய வேண்டும் இதனால் முகத்தில் இருக்கும் கரும்புள்ளிகள் நீங்குவதோடு, சருமத்தில் இருக்கும் இறந்த செல்கள் வெளியேறி, சருமம் பளிச்சென்று காணப்படும்.

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